Filozof

Ferdinand de Saussure

Biyografi

Bu filozof için biyografi henüz eklenmedi.

Language (System)

An internalized, social, and abstract system of language consisting of a body of norms distinct from individual acts of speech (parole).

Speech

An individual and concrete activity of expression realized in specific acts of speaking.

Linguistic Sign – Signifiant / Signifié

The sign is the inseparable unity of the sound-image (signifier) and conceptual content (signified).

Arbitrariness

The principle that the connection between signifier and signified arises not from natural resemblance but from social convention.

Synchrony/Diachrony

Two distinct perspectives on language: its state at a given moment (synchrony) and its development through time (diachrony).

Syntagmatic/Paradigmatic

Syntagmatic relations concern elements combined in sequence, whereas paradigmatic relations concern the selection among elements that may occupy the same position.

Value

The functional position a linguistic unit acquires through its differences from other units within the system.

Difference

The principle that signs and values are defined solely through their differences from one another.

Internal/External Linguistics

Internal linguistics studies the structure of language itself, whereas external linguistics examines factors such as history, society, and psychology.

Language System

The conception of linguistic units as an interconnected network of mutual relations.

Semiology

The idea of a general science of signs of which language is the most complex example.

Signifier/Signified

The signifier is the auditory image or form, while the signified is the conceptual content; together they constitute the sign.

Arbitrary/Motivated

The distinction between completely arbitrary signs and relatively arbitrary signs that retain partial iconicity or derivational motivation.

Synchronic/Diachronic Linguistics

Synchronic linguistics describes the system at a particular moment, whereas diachronic linguistics investigates processes of change and evolution.

Identity

The principle that the identity of a linguistic unit is determined less by its historical origin than by its position within the system.

Language Fact/Language Ability

The distinction between individual linguistic events and the human capacity for language in general.

Chess Game

The comparison of language to a game of chess, in which the significance of pieces derives from their position and relations.

Double Essence

The principle that language possesses a dual nature: structure (langue) and use (parole), synchrony and diachrony.

Negativity

The idea that signs are defined not by positive content but by negative and differentiating relations.

Semiology vs Semiotics

The conceptual distinction between Saussure’s notion of sémiologie and the later tradition of semiotics.