Filozof

Jean-Paul Sartre

Biyografi

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An unconscious, self-contained, and objective mode of being characterized by fullness.

A mode of consciousness defined by self-transcendence, self-relation, lack, and nothingness.

A mode of being that expresses the subject’s objectified position under the gaze of another.

The dimension of negation and absence introduced into the world by consciousness; consciousness itself is understood as a kind of nothingness.

For Sartre, consciousness is not a substance but an intentional relation that is always consciousness of something.

The ontological characteristic of human existence, expressed in the formula that human beings are condemned to be free.

The necessary counterpart of freedom: human beings are responsible for all their actions and even for choosing not to choose.

A form of self-deception in which one denies freedom and responsibility by treating oneself either as an object or as pure consciousness.

Unlike bad faith, authenticity involves assuming one’s freedom and responsibility and embracing one’s life project.

The realm of unchangeable conditions such as birth, past, body, class, and historical situation within which freedom always operates.

The experience of being exposed to the gaze of another, through which I appear to myself as an object.

The other consciousness that is both a threat to my freedom and the condition for the emergence of meaning.

The thesis that human beings first exist and only afterward define themselves; there is no predetermined human nature or divine plan.

The existential shock that arises when one becomes aware of one’s unlimited freedom and responsibility for others through one’s choices.

The recognition that we cannot control external conditions or the will of others and that action is limited to our own possibilities.

The mismatch between the purposelessness of the universe and the human search for meaning.

The fundamental choice that structures an individual’s entire life, forming the backbone of character and values.

The impossible ideal of a complete and self-conscious being equivalent to God.

Sartre’s method in Being and Nothingness, combining phenomenological description with ontological distinctions.

A humanist interpretation that grounds human beings in responsibility and self-creation even within a godless and essence-less universe.